A scientific mystery about how trees pull water from the ground to their top branches has been solved by an international team of researchers from QUT and the University of Leicester.
The team, led by University of Leicester chemist Dr Adrian Boatwright, has examined the phenomenon of water being pulled to the top of tree branches, when scientific theory says that the maximum height water can be pulled up is 10.06m due to gravity – known as the barometric limit.
The researchers, including QUT physicist Dr Stephen Hughes, have discovered that water can in fact be held in a vacuum for almost indefinite periods of time and even under significant tension without forming bubbles or breaking apart, which helps to explain how trees siphon water to their highest points.
The team also found that water can be pulled up to as much as 13.57m - well above the barometric limit, overturning the theory proposed by seventeenth century Italian physicist and mathematician Evangelista Torricelli which has stood for the last 400 years.
“How is it that trees can pull water up to the top most branches? This question has troubled both botanists and physicists for many years with various mechanisms used to describe this process - ranging from capillary action to osmotic pressure," said Dr Boatwright, from the University of Leicester's Department of Chemistry.
“By siphoning water up to as much as 13.7m we have managed to ‘break’ the barometric limit and show that the maximum height is limited only by the strength of bonds in the water.”
While the widespread view has been that siphons work because of atmospheric pressure, recent research has shown that cohesion and gravity, and not atmospheric pressure is the driving principle.
“The first recorded use of siphons was in ancient Egypt circa 1430 BC," said Dr Hughes, from QUT's Science and Engineering Faculty.
"Our experiment, conducted over 3,400 years later, is the first report published in the scientific literature of a siphon operating over the barometric limit.
"How siphons work has been quite controversial. This experiment is a clear demonstration that siphons work through gravity and not atmospheric pressure as is commonly supposed.”
The study ‘The height limit of a siphon’ has been published in the academic journal Scientific Reports.
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